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A resonator guitar or resophonic guitar is an acoustic guitar that produces sound by conducting string vibrations through the bridge to one or more spun metal cones (resonators), instead of to the guitar's sounding board (top). Resonator guitars were originally designed to be louder than regular acoustic guitars, which were overwhelmed by horns and percussion instrumts in dance orchestras. They became prized for their distinctive tone, and found life with bluegrass music and the blues well after electric amplification solved the problem of inadequate volume.
Many variations of all these styles and designs have be produced under many brand names. The body of a resonator guitar may be made of wood, metal, or occasionally other materials. Typically there are two main sound holes, positioned on either side of the fingerboard extsion. In the case of single-cone models, the sound holes are either both circular or both f-shaped, and symmetrical. The older tricone design has irregularly shaped sound holes. Cutaway body styles may truncate or omit the lower f-hole.
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John Dopyera, responding to a request by the steel guitar player George Beauchamp, developed the resonator guitar to produce an instrumt that could produce sufficit volume to compete with brass and reed instrumts. Dopyera experimted with configurations of up to four resonator cones and with cones composed of several differt metals.
In 1927, Dopyera and Beauchamp formed the National String Instrumt Corporation to manufacture resonator guitars under the brand name National. The first models were metal-bodied, and featured three conical aluminum resonators joined by a T-shaped aluminum bar that supported the bridge—a system called the tricone. National originally produced wood-bodied Tricone models at their factory in Los Angeles, California. They called these models the Triolian, but made only 12 of them. They changed the body meant for tricones to single-cone models, but kept the name.
In 1928, Dopyera left National to form the Dobro Manufacturing Company with his brothers Rudy, Emile, Robert, and Louis, Dobro being a contraction of Dopyera Brothers' and also meaning good in their native Slovak language. Dobro released a competing resonator guitar with a single resonator with its concave surface uppermost, oft described as bowl-shaped, under a distinctive circular perforated metal cover plate with the bridge at its cter resting on an eight-legged aluminum spider. This system was cheaper to produce, and produced more volume than National's tricone.
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National countered the Dobro with its own single resonator model, which Dopyera had designed before he left the company. They also continued to produce the tricone design, which many players preferred for its tone. Both National single and tricone resonators remained conical, with their convex surfaces uppermost. Single resonator models used a wood biscuit at the cone apex to support the bridge. At this point, both companies sourced many componts from Adolph Rickbacker, including the aluminum resonators.
After much legal action, the Dopyera brothers gained control of both National and Dobro in 1932, and subsequtly merged them into the National Dobro Corporation. However, they ceased all resonator guitars production following the U.S. try into World War II in 1941.
Emile Dopyera (also known as Ed Dopera) manufactured Dobros from 1959, before selling the company and trademark to Semie Moseley, who merged it with his Mosrite guitar company and manufactured Dobros for a time.
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In 1967, Rudy and Emile Dopyera formed the Original Musical Instrumt Company (OMI) to manufacture resonator guitars, first branded Hound Dog. In 1970 they again acquired the Dobro trademark, Mosrite having gone into temporary liquidation.
The Gibson Guitar Corporation acquired OMI in 1993, and announced it would defd its right to exclusive use of the Dobro trademark—which many people commonly used for any resonator guitar. As of 2006
, Gibson produces several round sound hole models under the Dobro name, and cheaper f-hole models both under the Hound Dog name and also its Epiphone brand. All have a single resonator, and many are available in either round or square neck.
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After the formation of the National Dobro Corporation, the term National was oft used to refer to an instrumt with a non-inverted cone, to distinguish these designs from the inverted-cone Dobro. Makers particularly used it for single-cone biscuit designs, as the relatively elaborate and expsive tricone was for some time out of production. Players and collectors also used the term for the older tricone instrumts, which despite their softer volume and rarity were still preferred by some players.
In 1942, the National Dobro Corporation, which no longer produced Dobros or other resonator instrumts, reorganized under the name Valco. Valco produced a large volume and variety of fretted instrumts under many names, with National as its premium brand. By the early 1960s, Valco again produced resonator guitars for mail order under the brand name National. These instrumts had biscuit resonators and bodies of wood and fiberglass.
In the late 1980s, the National brand and trademark reappeared with the formation of National Reso-Phonic Guitars. The company produces six-string resonator guitars of all three traditional resonator types, focusing on reproducing the feel and sound of old instrumts. Its other resonator instrumts include a 12-string guitar, ukuleles and mandolins.
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Casa Del Vecchio Ltda. of São Paulo, Brazil, has produced a wide range of guitars and other string instrumts since Angelo Del Vecchio founded the company in 1902. In the 1930s, they began producing resonator guitars,
Resulting in their most famous model: the Dinâmico, (their trade term for resophonic instrumts). In addition to the Dinâmico guitar, which is still in production, Del Vecchio also produced Dinâmico cavaquinhos, approximately like a resonator ukulele, and resonator mandolins. They also produce standard acoustic instrumts, as well as Hawaiian-style lap steel guitars.
Wayne Acoustic Guitars produced a spider bridge resonator guitar in the 1940s and 1950s in Australia. They were made out of cheap Australian timber using a tone ring rather than a tone well but they had no neck reinforcemt and a pressed (rather than spun) cone, oft called a pillow cone due to the shapes pressed into the face to strgth the cone. Many examples exist today.
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Asian brands such as Regal, Johnson, Recording King, Republic Guitars, and Rogue also produce or import a wide variety of comparatively inexpsive resonator guitars. Johnson has also produced resonator ukuleles and mandolins.
Resonator guitars are popularly used in bluegrass music and in blues. Traditionally, bluegrass players used square necked Dobro-style instrumts played as a steel guitar while blues players favored round-necked National-style guitars, oft played with a bottleck.
The resonator guitar is most oft played as a lap steel guitar, and the more common square-necked version is limited to this playing position. Square neck instrumts are always set up with the high action favored by steel guitar players, and tuned to a suitable op tuning.
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The round necked version is equally capable in either lap steel or Spanish guitar position. It may be set up with a variety of action heights, ranging from the half-inch favored for steel guitar (making use of the frets almost impossible) to the small fraction of an inch used by convtional guitarists. A compromise is most common, allowing use of a bottleck on the top strings but also use of the frets as desired, with the guitar played in the convtional position.
Many differt tunings are used. Some square neck tunings are not recommded for round neck resonator guitars, owing to the high string tsion required, which in turn requires the stronger square neck. Slack-key guitar tunings are most suitable for bottleck playing, and convtional E-A-D-G-B-E guitar tuning is also popular.
The resonator guitar was introduced to bluegrass music by Josh Graves, who played with Flatt and Scruggs, in the mid-1950s. Graves used the hard-driving, syncopated three-finger picking style developed by Earl Scruggs for the five-string banjo. Modern players continue to play the instrumt this way, with one notable exception being the late Tut Taylor who played with a flat pick.
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Tuning for the resonator guitar within the bluegrass gre is most oft an op G with the strings pitched to D G D G B D or G B D G B D, from the lowest to highest. Occasionally variant tunings are used, such as an op D: D A D F# A D.
The resonator guitar was used in older country music, notably by Bashful Brother Oswald of Roy Acuff's band, but was largely supplanted by the pedal steel guitar during the 1950s. Despite this, the instrumt is still frequtly used as an alternative to the steel guitar. James Burton and Grady Martin played flat picked dobro on many recordings. Leon McAuliffe initially played a dobro before exclusively transitioning to electric lap and console steel guitars.
The resonator guitar is also significant to the world of blues music, particularly the Southern style of country blues that grew out of the Mississippi Delta and Louisiana. Unlike country and bluegrass players, most blues players play the resonator guitar in the standard guitar position,
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