) is any guitar played while moving a steel bar or similar hard object against plucked strings. The bar itself is called a steel and is the source of the name steel guitar. The instrumt differs from a convtional guitar in that it is played without using frets; conceptually, it is somewhat akin to playing a guitar with one finger (the bar). Known for its portamto capabilities, gliding smoothly over every pitch betwe notes, the instrumt can produce a sinuous crying sound and deep vibrato emulating the human singing voice. Typically, the strings are plucked (not strummed) by the fingers of the dominant hand, while the steel tone bar is pressed lightly against the strings and moved by the opposite hand.
The idea of creating music with a slide of some type has be traced back to early African instrumts, but the modern steel guitar was conceived and popularized in the Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiians began playing a convtional guitar in a horizontal position across the knees instead of flat against the body, using the bar instead of fingers. Joseph Kekuku developed this manner of playing a guitar, known as Hawaiian style, about 1890 and the technique spread internationally.
The sound of Hawaiian music featuring steel guitar became an during musical fad in the United States in the first half of the twtieth ctury and in 1916, recordings of indigous Hawaiian music outsold all other U.S. musical gres. This popularity spawned the manufacture of guitars designed specifically to be played horizontally. The archetypal instrumt is the Hawaiian guitar, also called a lap steel. These early acoustic instrumts were not loud ough relative to other instrumts, but that changed in 1934 wh a steel guitarist named George Beauchamp invted the electric guitar pickup. Electrification allowed these instrumts to be heard, and it also meant their resonant chambers were no longer esstial. This meant steel guitars could be manufactured in any design, ev a rectangular block bearing little or no resemblance to the traditional guitar shape. This led to table-like instrumts in a metal frame on legs called console steels, which were technologically improved about 1950 to become the more versatile pedal steel guitar.
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In the United States, the steel guitar influced popular music in the early twtieth ctury, combining with jazz, swing and country music to be promintly heard in Western swing, honky-tonk, gospel and bluegrass. The instrumt influced Blues artists in the Mississippi Delta who embraced the steel guitar sound but continued holding their guitar in the traditional way; they used a tubular object (the neck of a bottle) called a slide around a finger. This technique, historically called bottleck guitar, is now known as slide guitar and is commonly associated with blues and rock music. Bluegrass artists adapted the Hawaiian style of playing in a resonator guitar known as a Dobro, a type of steel guitar with either a round or square neck, sometimes played with the musician standing and the guitar facing upward held horizontally by a shoulder strap.
In the late 19th ctury, European sailors and Portuguese vaqueros, hired by Hawaii's king to work cattle ranches, introduced Spanish guitars in the Hawaiian Islands.
They re-tuned their guitars to make them sound a major chord wh all six strings were strummed, now known as an op tuning.
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To change chords, they used some smooth object, usually a piece of pipe or metal, sliding it over the strings to the fourth or fifth position, easily playing a three-chord song.
It is physically difficult to hold a steel bar against the strings while holding the guitar against the body (hand supinated) so the Hawaiians placed the guitar across the lap and played it with the hand pronated. Playing this way became popular throughout Hawai'i and spread internationally.
Oahu-born Joseph Kekuku became proficit in this style of playing around the d of the 19th ctury and popularized it—some sources say he invted the steel guitar.
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He moved to the U.S. and became a vaudeville performer and also toured Europe performing Hawaiian music. The Hawaiian style of playing spread to America and became popular during the first half of the 20th ctury; noted players of the era were Frank Ferera, Sam Ku West, King Bnie Nawahi and Sol Ho'opi'i. Ho'opi'i (/ˌ h oʊ oʊ ˈ p iː i / hoh-oh-PEE -ee)
The show became quite successful and, to ride this wave of success, it toured the U.S. and Europe, evtually spawning the 1932 film Bird of Paradise.
In 1918, The Washington Herald stated, So great is the popularity of Hawaiian music in this country that 'The Bird of Paradise' will go on record as having created the greatest musical fad this country has ever known.
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In 1915, a world's fair called the Panama–Pacific International Exposition was held in San Francisco to celebrate the oping of the Panama Canal and over a nine-month period introduced the Hawaiian style of guitar playing to millions of visitors.
Hawaii Calls was a program originating in Hawai'i and broadcast to the U.S. mainland west coast. It featured the steel guitar, ukulele, and Hawaiian songs sung in glish. Subsequtly, the program was heard worldwide on over 750 stations.
One of the steel guitar's foremost virtuosos, Buddy Emmons, studied at the Hawaiian Conservatory of Music in South Bd, Indiana, at age 11.
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The acceptance of the sound of the steel guitar, th referred to as Hawaiian guitars or lap steels, spurred instrumt makers to produce them in quantity and create innovations in the design to accommodate this style of playing.
In the early twtieth ctury, steel guitar playing branched off into two streams: lap-style, performed on an instrumt specifically designed or modified to be played on the performer's lap; and bottleck-style, performed on a traditional Spanish guitar held flat against the body.
The bottleck-style became associated with blues and rock music, and the horizontal style became associated with several musical gres, including Hawaiian music, country music, Western swing, honky-tonk, bluegrass and gospel.
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One of the first southern blues musicians to adapt the Hawaiian sound to the blues was Tampa Red, whose playing, says historian Gérard Herzhaft, created a style that has unquestionably influced all modern blues.
The Mississippi Delta was the home of Robert Johnson, Son House, Charlie Patton and other blues pioneers, who used a promint tubular slide on a finger.
The first known recording of the bottleck style was in 1923 by Sylvester Weaver, who recorded two instrumtals, Guitar Blues and Guitar Rag.
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Western swing pioneers Bob Wills and Leon McAuliffe adapted his song, Guitar Rag, in 1935 for the influtial instrumtal Steel Guitar Rag.
Blues musicians played a convtional Spanish guitar as a hybrid betwe the two types of guitars, using one finger inserted into a tubular slide or a bottleck with one finger while using frets with the remaining fingers (usually for rhythm accompanimt).
This technique allows the player to finger the frets on some strings and use the slide on others. Slide players may use op tunings or traditional tunings as a matter of personal preferce.
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Lap slide guitar is not a specific instrumt but a style of playing a lap steel guitar usually referring to blues or rock music.
The earliest record of a Hawaiian guitar used in country music is believed to be in the early 1920s wh cowboy movie star Hoot Gibson brought Sol Ho'opi'i to Los Angeles to perform in his band.
In 1927, the acoustic duo of Darby and Tarleton expanded the audice for acoustic steel guitar with their Columbia recording of Birmingham Jail and Columbus Stockade Blues.
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In the early 1930s, acoustic lap steel guitars were not loud ough to compete with other instrumts, a problem that many invtors were trying to remedy.
In 1927, the Dopyera brothers patted the resonator guitar, a non-electric device resembling a large inverted loudspeaker cone attached under the bridge of a guitar to make it louder.
The name Dobro, a portmanteau of DOpyera and BROthers, became a geric term for this type of guitar, popularized by Pete Kirby (Bashful Brother Oswald) on Nashville's Grand Ole Opry for 30 years with Roy Acuff's band. He played the instrumt while standing with the guitar facing upward held horizontally by a shoulder strap. Oswald's Dobro attracted interest and fascination; he said, People couldn't understand how I played it and what it was, and they'd always want to come around and look at it.
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Josh Graves (Uncle Josh) further popularized the resonator steel guitar into Bluegrass music with Flatt and Scruggs to the extt that this type of lap steel became an established and familiar fixture in this gre.
The dobro fell out of favor in mainstream country music until a bluegrass revival in the 1970s brought it back with younger virtuoso players like Jerry Douglas whose Dobro skills became widely known and emulated.
In 1934, a steel guitarist named George Beauchamp invted the electric guitar pickup. He found that a vibrating metal string in a magnetic field gerates a small currt that can be amplified and st to a loudspeaker; his steel guitar was the world's first electric guitar.
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According to music writer Michael Ross, the first electrified stringed instrumt on a commercial recording was a steel guitar played
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